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So how do only a few millimeters of movement dampen impact?
Time
When an impact occurs, the duration of the impact plays a crucial role in the force experienced. By extending the duration of the impact the force is spread out over a longer period. This reduces the peak force and decreases the likelihood of injury. Even a small amount of movement, such as a few millimetres can increase the duration of the impact and consequently reduce the force exerted on the body.
Energy Distribution
When an impact force is applied to a structure or object the energy associated with the impact needs to be dissipated. If the structure or object is rigid the impact energy is transferred directly, leading to a high force concentration at the impact site. However, introducing movement allows the energy to be distributed across a larger area or absorbed by the surrounding materials. This energy dispersion helps reduce the force experienced at a specific point and minimizes the risk of injury.